Rhamphorhynchus

Ram-foe-rink-us.
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Harper Gray

Paleoartist

Harper Grey combines artistic talent with scientific precision to bring extinct creatures and environments back to life. Collaborating closely with paleontologists

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Name

Rhamphorhynchus ‭(‬Beak Snout‭)‬.

Phonetic

Ram-foe-rink-us.

Named By

Classification

Chordata,‭ ‬Reptilia,‭ ‬Pterosauria,‭ ‬Rhamphorhynchidae,‭ ‬Rhamphorhynchinae.

Diet

Piscivore/Insectivore.

Species

‭ R. longicaudus

Size

1.81‭ ‬meter wingspan,‭ ‬1.26‭ ‬meters long.

Known locations

Germany,‭ ‬Portugal,‭ ‬Tanzania.

Time Period

Oxfordian to Kimmeridgian of the Jurassic.

Fossil representation

Dozens of individuals,‭ ‬some including impressions of soft tissue.

In Depth

       Rhamphorhynchus is one of the classic pterosaurs that have been known to science since the early days of palaeontology.‭ ‬It had what appears to have been a sizeable distribution and aside from the above locations,‭ ‬Rhamphorhynchus specimens have also been attributed to other European countries like the United Kingdom.‭ ‬Unfortunately however,‭ ‬these specimens are sometimes no more than fossilised teeth.

       The best preserved and most numerous examples hail from Germany where Rhamphorhynchus was first discovered.‭ ‬Not only do these remains include complete specimens,‭ ‬but also impressions of the wings,‭ ‬revealing their placement and texture.‭ ‬Specimens also display potential dimorphism between males and females.‭

       The jaws of Rhamphorhynchus are filled with sharp needle like teeth,‭ ‬twenty in the top,‭ ‬fourteen in the bottom.‭ ‬When the jaws closed the teeth would intermesh,‭ ‬maximising grip on prey.‭ ‬These jaws have led to the perception that Rhamphorhynchus used them to snatch up fish as it skimmed over the top of the water,‭ ‬although it‭’‬s not out of the question that it could also have caught larger insects.‭

       Rhamphorhynchus has been subject to a lot of study to try and find out more about its life.‭ ‬One area has focused upon possible sexual dimorphism between males and females.‭ ‬This is indicated by how long the skull is to the humerus,‭ ‬with different specimens falling into two distinct groups of larger and smaller heads.‭ ‬This is not conclusive proof of dimorphism,‭ ‬but does reinforce the possibility.

       Study of the scleral rings has also indicated a nocturnal lifestyle.‭ ‬It is difficult to say with certainty if pterosaurs were warm or cold blooded,‭ ‬but a nocturnal heat source if required could be rocks.‭ ‬Because rocks have a high thermal capacity,‭ ‬they take a long time to warm up in the heat of the sun.‭ ‬However,‭ ‬because they take a long time to warm up they also take a long time to cool down,‭ ‬staying warm to the touch for several hours after night fall.‭ ‬If cold blooded,‭ ‬a nocturnal pterosaur could warm up by‭ ‘‬hugging‭’ ‬a rock with its wings to absorb more heat.‭ ‬If Rhamphorhynchus was nocturnal,‭ ‬it would have avoided direct competition with other pterosaurs that were diurnal. CAT scans of Rhamphorhynchus skulls have also allowed for reconstruction of the the inner ear.‭ ‬This has revealed that unlike some other pterosaurs,‭ ‬Rhamphorhynchus typically flew with its head horizontally level‭ (‬parallel‭) ‬to the ground.

       A huge number of species once existed for Rhamphorhynchus,‭ ‬however many of these came about from the use of Pterodactylus as a wastebasket taxon.‭ ‬It was not until notable differences began to be pointed out that Rhamphorhynchus became separate.‭ ‬Still a large number of differing species existed,‭ ‬or so it was thought until a‭ ‬1995‭ ‬study by Chris Bennet revealed that a great many of these specimens actually represented different life stages of the same species.‭ ‬With the revelation that these remains were just juveniles,‭ ‬sub-adults and adults of the same creature,‭ ‬the species list was shortened to just a handful of names.‭ ‬Of these only R.‭ ‬muensteri is generally considered to be true to the genus.‭ ‬The other remaining species which include R.‭ ‬jessoni,‭ ‬R.‭ ‬intermedius,‭ ‬are considered subjective synonyms,‭ ‬while R.‭ ‬tendagurensis thought to be a nomen dubium.‭ ‬Although these species are sometimes referred to,‭ ‬their future validity is uncertain.

       Because it is now accepted that the many various specimens represent the same species,‭ ‬it has also revealed valuable insights of changing morphology with age.‭ ‬The jaws of Rhamphorhynchus juveniles‭ ‬are‭ ‬short and blunter than they were in adult specimens.‭ ‬Adults also had shorter and more robust teeth to facilitate larger prey capture that may have broken weaker teeth. Rhamphorhynchus also had a vane on the end of its tail and in juveniles was lancet shaped‭ (‬like a double edged scalpel‭)‬.‭ ‬As the individual grew,‭ ‬the vane would become diamond shaped before becoming a triangle when full grown.

Further Reading

– Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) gemmingi aus dem Kalkschiefer von Solenhofen. – Palaeontographica 1: 1–20. – H. von Meyer – 1846. – Ein Exemplar von Rhamphorhynchus mit Resten von Schwimmhaut. – Sitzungs-Berichte der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften mathematisch naturwissenschaftlichen Abteilung 1927: 29–48. – F. Broili – 1927. – Odontorhynchus aculeatus novo. gen. novo. sp., Ein neuer Rhamphorhynchide von Solnhofen. – Neues Jahrbuch f�r Mineralogie, Geololgie, und Pal�ontologie Beilage-Band 75:543-564. – E. Stolley – 1936. – Untersuchungen �ber die Gattung Rhamphorhynchus. – Neues Jahrbuch f�r Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie, Beilage-Band 77: 455–506. – Koh – 1937. – Die Rhamphorhynchoidea (Pterosauria) der Oberjura-Plattenkalke S�ddeutschlands. – Palaeontographica, A 148: 1-33, 148: 132-186, 149: 1-30. – P. Wellnhofer – 1975. – A statistical study of Rhamphorhynchus from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: Year-classes of a single large species. – Journal of Paleontology 69: 569–580. – S. C. Bennett – 1995. – Life history of Rhamphorhynchus inferred from bone histology and the diversity of pterosaurian growth strategies. – In Soares, Daphne. PLoS ONE 7 (2): e31392. – E. Prondvai, K. Stein, O. Ősi, M. P. Sander – 2012. – The Late Jurassic pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus, a frequent victim of the ganoid fish Aspidorhynchus?. – PLoS ONE 7 (3): e31945. – E. Frey, & H. Tischlinger – 2012. – Evidence for the presence of Rhamphorhynchus (Pterosauria: Rhamphorhynchinae) in the Kimmeridge Clay of the UK. – Proceedings of the Geologist’s Association 126(3):390-401. – M. O’Sullivan & D. M. Martill – 2015.

SPECIES SPOTLIGHT