Gomphotherium

Name: Gomphotherium ‭(‬Welded beast‭).
Phonetic: Gom-foe-fee-ree-um.
Named By: Burmeister‭ ‬-‭ ‬1837.
Synonyms: Genomastodon,‭ ‬Ocalientinus,‭ ‬Serridentinus,‭ ‬Tatabelodon,‭ ‬Tetrabelodon,‭ ‬Trilophodon,‭ ‬Trobelodon.
Classification: Chordata,‭ ‬Mammalia,‭ ‬Proboscidea,‭ ‬Gomphotheriidae.
Species: G.‭ ‬anguirvalis,‭ ‬G.angustidens,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬annectens,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬brewsterensis,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬calvertense,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬connexus,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬nebrascensis,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬obscurum,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬osborni,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬productum,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬rugosidens,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬simplicidens,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬willistoni,‭ ‬G.‭ ‬wimani.
Diet: Herbivore.
Size: Around‭ ‬3‭ ‬meters high at the shoulder.
Known locations: Across Africa,‭ ‬Eurasia and North America.
Time period: Serravallian of the Miocene through to Zanclean of the Pliocene.
Fossil representation: Hundreds of specimens.

       The type genus of the Gomphotheriidae,‭ ‬Gomphotherium is quite a bizarre prehistoric elephant that is quite different from the ones that we know today.‭ ‬Gomphotherium still had two tusks protruding down from the upper jaw,‭ ‬but they were recurved,‭ ‬which means that they gently curved towards the body rather than away like in modern elephants.‭ ‬The upper tusks also retained an enamel coating which is lacking in modern elephants.‭ ‬Two additional tusks protruded from the tip of the lower jay to form a kind‭ ‬of‭ ‘‬tooth shovel‭’ ‬which was likely used for rooting up plants.‭
       There are no soft tissue remains of a trunk,‭ ‬but Gomphotherium is still thought to have possessed one since the skull is shaped to allow for the attachment of one,‭ ‬as well as the fact that Gomphotherium would have probably been physically unable to feed without one.‭ ‬The length of the trunk can vary greatly in artistic renderings but palaeontologists believe that the trunk would have been on the shorter side because of the low profile of the elongated skull.‭ ‬Beyond this there is currently no way of knowing exactly how long the trunk was,‭ ‬but logic would dictate that it would need to be long enough to be of practical use.‭ ‬This would mean at least long enough to reach the plants scooped up on the bottom tusks and long enough to pick up water,‭ ‬although Gomphotherium might have been able to‭ ‘‬cheat‭’ ‬a little here by wading into watering holes to reduce the distance between the end of the trunk and the surface of the water.‭ ‬Alternatively‭ ‬Gomphotherium may have been able to scoop a little water with its teeth by flicking its head back before the water ran off.
       Gomphotherium was one of the most successful of all the prehistoric elephants with the oldest fossils being known from North America and later ones being discovered as far as Western Europe and Africa.‭ ‬Usually Gomphotherium is associated with wetland ecosystems near bodies of water since the softer ground associated with these areas would allow for easier digging with the teeth.‭ ‬When it came to eating,‭ ‬Gomphotherium had fewer molars than earlier elephants,‭ ‬but those it had had higher ridges to make them more efficient at grinding.

Further reading
- Description of a new species of mastodon, Gomphotherium elegans, from the Pleistocene of Kansas - Proceedings of The United States National Museum 53/2198 - Oliver Perry Hay - 1917.
- [Miocene mastodonts of Lantian and Lintung, Shensi]. - Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 7:136-142 - H.-C. Chang & R.-J. Zhai - 1978.
- Growth increments in Gomphotherium tusks and implications for late Miocene climate change in North America. - Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 156 - David L. Fox - 2000.
- Stable Isotope Ecology of a Late Miocene Population of Gomphotherium productus (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Port of Entry Pit, Oklahoma, USA. - PALAIOS, v. 16, p. 279-293. - David L. Fox & Daniel C. Fisher - 2001.
- Dietary reconstruction of Miocene Gomphotherium (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Great Plains region, USA, based on the carbon isotope composition of tusk and molar enamel. - Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology vol 206 - David L. Fox & Daniel C. Fisher - 2004.
- Feeding preferences of Gomphotherium subtapiroideum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (Northern Alpine Foreland Basin, southern Germany) through life and geological time: evidence from dental microwear analysis. - Pal�ontologische Zeitschrift, Volume 84, Issue 1, pp 205-215. - Ivan Calandra, Ursula B. G�hlich & Gildas Merceron - 2010.
- L'odontologie de Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817) (Proboscidea, Mammalia) : donn�es issues du gisement d'En P�jouan (Mioc�ne moyen du Gers, France). - Geodiversitas 36(1):35-115. - Pascal Tassy - 2014.
- A new species of Gomphotherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from China and the evolution of Gomphotherium in Eurasia. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (3): e1318284. - Shi-Qi Wang, Yu Li, Jaroon Duangkrayom, Xiang-Wen Yang, Wen He & Shan-Qin Chen - 2017.

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